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How Digital Fiat Currency Will Drive Financial Inclusion- eCurrency

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Currency as a store of value, unit of account, and medium of exchange has accompanied society since the dawn of civilization and commerce.

Fiat currency issued by the central bank under the law and constitution of each country added trust and governance as well as security to this simple yet powerful instrument.

Fiat currency has also played an important role in financial inclusion by providing equal access to this infrastructure for people of all walks of life and socio-economic backgrounds. As society has evolved, the form of currency has changed from shells and precious metals to minted coins and paper currency.

The societal changes introduced by the rise of the Internet and mobile technology have led to fundamental changes in the way we lead our daily lives, however, the account-based electronic and mobile payment systems used today are yet to realize the full potential of a truly digital version of fiat currency.

Mobile money from different vendors is not interoperable to the extent that cash is. It presents challenges to effective regulation and consumer protection as the main businesses of these private mobile-money providers are not secured against insolvency of funds deposited in these systems as a true store of value. Private crypto and virtual currencies have an exchange rate with fiat currency, and as such it fails as a unit of account.

The Route To Internationally Accepted Digital Fiat Currency

Challenges to interoperability, trust and regulation are even more acute in the developing countries where as much as 80% of the population do not benefit from the financial infrastructure provided by traditional banking systems.

The ITU-T Focus Group on Digital Financial Services has been the most recent effort to tackle challenges to broader financial inclusion, looking in particular at how digital tools could bring basic financial services to the estimated 2 billion people still without access to a bank account.

This group delivered a set of policy recommendations with potential to boost growth and innovation in the Digital Financial Service ecosystem, the interoperability of payment systems, and consumer protection and security.

A recent comprehensive report produced by the India Ministry of Finance in December 2016, the Watal report, highlights three principles as being essential to an effective digital fiat currency (DFC) solution: (1) Ownership neutrality, (2) Technology neutrality, and (3) Infrastructure neutrality. These are very important problems and constraints that a true DFC solution must solve and meet.

ITU will play a critical role in driving the international standardization of the technical frameworks necessary to a true DFC.

eCurrency has been an active participant in the ITU-T FG-DFS in addition to providing inputs for the Watal report. Our DFC solution is a product built on the three key principles identified by the Watal report and is intended to address the main challenges faced by today’s Digital Financial Services.

eCurrency: Demonstrating the three key principles of true DFC solution

eCurrency was established over five years ago with the goal of providing a solution for a Central Bank-issued DFC that can be distributed by all financial institutions, proving accessible to all consumers and merchants as a secure and interoperable payment instrument.

We have worked with over 32 central banks around the world, run pilots with large mobile-wallet providers, and developed the necessary infrastructure service to enable seamless interoperability among completely different types of payment systems – including debit card, mobile, payment network, and banking systems – through a set of eCurrency API and services.

Most recently, the first commercial deployment of DFC that involves the banking system as the issuer and mobile-wallet provider as the distributor has been successfully deployed in Senegal.

The distinguishing feature of the eCurrency solution is that it can be considered a regulatory technology for the payment ecosystem that allows the Central Bank to issue secure hardware-protected cryptographic objects (DFC Instrument) independent of payment or ledger systems.

Each payment or ledger system becomes part of the DFC ecosystem via integration through the eCurrency Open API and a one-time initialization process. Once enabled, all customers and merchants served by the underlying payment or ledger system can reach any customer and merchant in this ecosystem.

The properties of fiat currency ensure instantaneous settlement between any two parties, regardless of which payment system or ledger system they deal with. The laws governing fiat currency protect consumers and merchants using DFC, with Central Banks empowered to operate DFC within existing legal and regulatory frameworks.

eCurrency is ownership neutral as it allows any financial institutions to compete in the distribution of DFC just like they do today with paper currency. It is also technology and infrastructure neutral by allowing all existing financial institutions and mobile-money providers to join the Digital Financial Service ecosystem on a level playing field.

For more information on the work of eCurrency, visit the web site; look at eCurrency CEO Jonathan Dharmapalan’s AFI presentation (video) and a technical presentation given to ANSI X.9 (US Core Banking standard body); and follow our news at eCurrency news.

David Wen, co-founder and chief scientist of eCurrency
 


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E-Financial

CIBN says Recapitalization will Empower Banks to Lend more to Economy

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Chartered Institute of Bankers of Nigeria, CIBN, has expressed support for the ongoing banking recapitalization exercise saying it will empower banks to lend more to the economy.

CIBN President, Dr. Ken Opara stated this yesterday while speaking at the annual lecture of the institute in Lagos, with the theme “Improving Availability of Credit in the Nigerian Real Economy: The Critical Importance of Liquidity.”

Okpara noted that the volume of credit to the real sector activities namely agriculture, manufacturing and services is low compared to their critical role in driving economic growth.

Consequently, he called for more credit to the real sector, saying, “I   propose that we consider offering more credit to these key sectors and particularly the agriculture sector. It is for this reason that the Recapitalization exercise is a welcome development.

“The recently announced upward review of the Minimum Capital Requirements of Nigeria by the Central Bank of Nigeria would further empower banks to extend more credit to the economy’s productive sectors.”

To address these factors impeding credit to the real sector, Okpara suggested that, “The government needs to improve further the ease of doing business and infrastructural development, such as power, roads, rail networks, etc.

“Setting up industrial centres where these companies can co-habit and share common infrastructure. Harmonize and reduce the various taxes and levies, including locating them in a single hub.

“Banks need to be deliberate in de-risking these companies via Capacity building programmes, and Advisory services.

Specialised Financial Institutions can be created in addition to the Bank of Industry (BOI), especially credit guarantee agencies and risk-sharing institutions, to further facilitate the deepening of credit as practiced in countries such as China which significantly transformed its economy.


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Shareholders Approve $1.5bn Capital Raising for Access Holdings

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The shareholders of Access Holdings Plc have unanimously approved the company’s proposed capital raising of $1.5 billion through a bond or share sale and a further N365 billion via a Rights Issue to fund its ambitious growth plans.

The shareholders also ratified the appointments of Aigboje Aig-Imoukhuede, Olusegun Ogbonnewo, and Ojinika Olaghere as Non-Executive Directors.

The appointment of Aig-Imoukhuede as the Chairman of Access Holdings was praised by the shareholders, who pointed to his rich history of success with the institution, having transformed it into Nigeria’s biggest lender by market value alongside late Herbert Wigwe.

The shareholders stated that Aigboje’s leadership was instrumental in driving the institution’s growth during the 2004 recapitalisation of the banking industry led by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) under the leadership of its former Governor, Prof. Charles Soludo.

“We are thrilled with Aigboje Aig-Imoukhuede’s return to the role of Chairman. His proven track record, experience, and strategic insights position him as the ideal leader to steer Access Holdings towards meeting its lofty targets.

During his tenure as CEO, particularly during the recapitalisation directive by the CBN, he steered Access Bank to raise an impressive $2 billion in capital, and this demonstrates his capacity to, once again, lead Access Holdings towards successfully achieving the objectives of our planned capital raise and Rights Issue targets,” said Chief Sunny Nwosu, Chairman Emeritus of the Independent Shareholders Association of Nigeria (ISAN).

In line with the Group’s strong financial performance, the payment of a final dividend of N1.80 kobo per every N0.50 kobo ordinary share for the 2023 financial year was approved, marking a 28 per cent improvement from the corresponding period in 2022.

 


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Confusion as CBN Deletes, Reinstates Tweet Calling Crypto-Related Directive Fake

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Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) has been forced to deny a report saying it issued a directive requiring all banks and financial institutions to identify individuals or entities engaging in transactions with cryptocurrency exchanges and to ensure that such accounts are put on Post No Debit (PND) instruction for six months.

Confusion as CBN Deletes, Reinstates Tweet Calling Crypto-Related Directive Fake

A “Post No Debit” instruction is a directive issued by a bank or financial institution to restrict certain transactions on a customer’s account.

When a PND instruction is in place, the account holder is prohibited from making debit transactions, meaning they cannot withdraw funds or make payments using the affected account.

Confusion occurred when the central bank denied the story on X but then deleted the denial.

The alleged circular also stated that regulated financial institutions engaged in crypto or facilitating payments for crypto exchanges are prohibited.

However, this contradicts an earlier ban lifted in December 2023, allowing banks to facilitate transactions for crypto exchanges.

The central bank lifted the ban nearly two years after enforcing a comprehensive ban on banks engaging with digital currencies.

According to a statement by the CBN at the time, it recognized that the increasing global demand and adoption of crypto make it unjustifiable to maintain the stringent restrictions imposed on financial institutions in 2021.

However, due to the swift devaluation of the naira and the subsequent inflation rate of 29.9%, the government shifted its attention to platforms offering cryptocurrency services.

It disabled websites associated with crypto trading that had gained notoriety for setting informal valuations for the naira.

Binance encountered significant scrutiny when the CBN raised concerns regarding “suspicious financial transactions” occurring through Binance Nigeria in 2023.

Olayemi Cardoso, governor, CBN, said $26 billion had passed through Nigeria via Binance in 2023 from unidentified sources and users.

Binance is facing further challenges in Nigeria, with its executive Tigran Gambaryan, who is based in the United States, being detained in the country.

He’s facing five charges linked to money laundering following a meeting with Nigerian officials regarding Binance’s regulatory compliance.

Nadeem Anjarwalla, one of the executives who met with Nigerian officials about Binance’s regulatory issues, subsequently escaped custody and was tracked down to Kenya, where he faces extradition.

 


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