E-Business
The Hanke’s Misery Index: How Africa’s Economic Challenges Are Holding Back the Continent Part 2

By Evans Woherem, Ph.D
- Economic Challenges in Angola, Ghana, and Other African Nations
The 2022 HAMI rankings provide insights into the economic challenges faced by Angola, Ghana, and several other African countries. Angola is ranked 13th with a HAMI score of 93.518, struggling with a high unemployment rate of 29.6%, an inflation rate of 13.9%, and a bank lending rate of 20.118%. Similarly, Ghana holds the 15th position on the Misery Index, burdened by an alarming inflation rate of 54.1% and achieving an index score of 86.8.
These challenges are not unique to Angola and Ghana. Many other African nations also grapple with significant economic hurdles. South Africa, positioned 16th on the Misery Index, records an index score of 83.492 primarily due to high unemployment rates. Rwanda, ranked 20th, achieves a score of 69.192 with inflation being a major contributing factor. Botswana, at the 21st spot, has an index score of 64.023 mainly influenced by elevated unemployment rates.
Moreover, countries such as Madagascar, Malawi, Eswatini, Gabon, Sao Tome and Principe, Congo (Brazzaville), Ethiopia, Libya, Namibia, Lesotho, Algeria, Nigeria, Tunisia, and Mauritania also face economic difficulties characterized by high unemployment rates, inflation, or lending rates.
The HAMI rankings shed light on the economic challenges experienced by various African countries, highlighting the need for targeted measures to address unemployment, inflation, and lending rates. It is crucial to alleviate the hardships endured by their populations.
The situations in Zimbabwe, Sudan, Niger, Togo, and other African nations serve as poignant reminders of the urgent need to tackle economic instability and implement effective policies across the continent.
Recognizing the profound impact of high inflation rates, unemployment, and other economic challenges on individuals’ well-being, it becomes imperative to prioritize sustainable development, job creation, and economic reforms. These steps are crucial for uplifting the lives of African citizens and ensuring a brighter and more prosperous future for all.
- Contrasting Happiness and Economic Struggles in Africa
It is indeed disconcerting to observe that four African countries—Zimbabwe, Sudan, Angola, and Ghana—are ranked among the top fifteen “most miserable” countries. However, it is worth noting the significant contrast that exists within the African continent. As evidenced by the 2022 HAMI, Niger and Togo were among the top ten “happiest” countries.
This striking disparity highlights the uneven progress made by different African nations in their pursuit of greater happiness and well-being. While some countries have made strides towards improving their conditions, many others continue to face substantial economic challenges, leading to a state of ongoing misery.
The varying experiences of African countries in terms of happiness and well-being underscore the need for concerted efforts to address the underlying economic factors that contribute to misery. By identifying and tackling these challenges head-on, African nations can work towards creating more equitable and prosperous societies for their citizens.
Root Causes of Economic Challenges in African Countries
The economic challenges faced by several African countries, as highlighted by the 2022 Hanke’s Annual Misery Index, are multifaceted and have far-reaching consequences for the well-being of their populations.
In this section, we will explore the root causes of these challenges and their impact on inflation, unemployment, and overall economic stability. By delving into distinct factors such as inflation rates and external factors, high unemployment rates and youth employment, and the influence of political instability, poor governance, and excessive lending rates, we can gain a comprehensive understanding of the complex economic landscape in African countries.
- Inflation and External Factors
Inflation rates have had a detrimental impact on several African countries, including Zimbabwe, Sudan, Angola, Ghana, Rwanda, Ethiopia, and Nigeria. These nations have witnessed significant inflation rates. For instance, Zimbabwe reached an alarming rate of 243.8% in 2022, while Sudan and Ghana faced rates of 176.1% and 54.1%, respectively. This high inflation has resulted in a decline in purchasing power, making it increasingly difficult for individuals and families to afford basic necessities.
A study conducted by the International Monetary Fund in 2022 highlights a significant increase in inflation across sub-Saharan Africa in recent years. This rise in inflation can primarily be attributed to external factors such as global food prices, oil prices, and disruptions in the supply chain. Despite the gradual recovery of domestic demand following the COVID-19 pandemic, its contribution has been insufficient to offset the effects of these escalating external factors.
- Unemployment and the Plight of African Youth
High unemployment rates pose a significant economic challenge in many African countries. For instance, Angola, with a misery index score of 93.518, and South Africa, scoring 83.492 on the index, have been grappling with substantial unemployment issues. In Botswana, Eswatini, Gabon, Sao Tome and Principe, Congo (Brazzaville), Libya, Nambia, Lesotho, Tunisia, and Mauritania, the index scores range from 45.4 to 64.023, indicating the prevalence of unemployment and its impact on their respective economies.
The situation becomes particularly alarming when considering the plight of young people in Africa. The African Development Bank highlights that youth unemployment in many African nations exceeds twice the rate of adults. This means that millions of young individuals struggle to secure employment, severely impacting their future prospects.
Former Zambian finance minister, Alexander Chikwanda, vividly described youth unemployment as a “ticking time bomb.” This analogy powerfully emphasizes the potential consequences of this issue. With an estimated 10-12 million young people entering Africa’s labor market each year, it is evident that youth unemployment demands urgent attention.
Beyond its economic implications, youth unemployment also carries serious security concerns. Nigerian journalist Ahmad Salkida highlights how militant groups like Boko Haram find it easy to recruit frustrated and unemployed young individuals. This underscores the imperative to address youth unemployment not only as an economic challenge but also as a preventive measure against security threats in the region.
- Political Instability, Poor Governance, and Excessive Lending Rates
Political instability, as witnessed in Sudan, exacerbates economic challenges. The recent war in Sudan resulted in loss of life and forced displacement of a significant portion of the population. Political conflicts disrupt economic activities, deter investment, and hamper the implementation of effective economic policies, further deepening the misery experienced by citizens. In 2023, West Africa faces heightened instability with recent coups in Burkina Faso, Guinea, and Mali, coinciding with ongoing conflicts in the Sahel and extending violence to previously peaceful areas like Benin and Togo.
Poor governance, as evidenced by low scores on governance indicators measured by the World Bank, exacerbates the situation, with political instability and violence, including terrorism, experiencing the most significant decline over the past two decades. These governance indicators, particularly instability, not only undermine peace and security but also have adverse effects on the region’s economic growth and development.
Instability brings political risk, which deters investors from the region, leading to minimal foreign direct investment and limited trade. Moreover, our analysis of World Bank data reveals that while West Africa’s GDP has grown at a compound annual rate of 4 % between 1990 and 2021, per-capita growth has been sluggish at just 1.3 % due to rapid population growth. These factors highlight the urgent need for stability, good governance, and effective measures to attract investment and foster sustainable economic growth in the region.
Excessive lending rates, such as those observed in Zimbabwe (131.8%) and Angola (20.118%), pose significant barriers to economic growth and development. These high rates make it difficult for individuals and businesses to access credit, hindering investment, entrepreneurship, and overall economic expansion. In Africa, interest rates play a crucial role in shaping economic growth and affecting access to basic needs.
While higher interest rates can indicate economic potential and stimulate investment, this is not always the case. Zimbabwe stands out with the world’s highest interest rate of 150%, making it the most expensive country to borrow money in. Ghana also faces challenges with high interest rates of 29.5%, reflecting efforts to curb inflation. Sudan, on the other hand, records a benchmark interest rate of 27.30%, attributed to various factors such as macroeconomic imbalances, structural deficiencies, political instability, and the impact of COVID-19. To ensure economic stability and growth, it is crucial to address lending rates and create an environment that fosters economic development.
Watch out for the concluding part
E-Business
Minister Seeks Digital Tech Adoption to Improve Agriculture, Boost Food Security

The Minister of Communications, Innovation and Digital Economy, Bosun Tijani, has called for the urgent adoption of digital technology in Nigeria’s agricultural sector to boost food production, curb rising prices, and reduce the country’s dependence on food imports.
Speaking on Thursday in Abeokuta at the Ogun Tech Forward Innovation & Startups Roundtable session, Tijani stressed that Nigeria’s vast arable land and large population could only be effectively harnessed through technological intervention.
He warned that without embracing innovation, traditional farming practices would remain inefficient and expensive, putting food security at risk.
“Technology innovation has already contributed 16 to 18 per cent, but we are aiming for 21 per cent. We need to introduce our technology into agriculture to produce enough food to feed ourselves
“Without technology, countries like Nigeria cannot practise agriculture effectively. We have the vast land, but without technology, we won’t do it well,” the minister said.
Tijani noted that the continuous rise in food prices and the country’s dependence on foreign exchange to import grains that can be grown locally is unsustainable.
He emphasised that leveraging tools such as mobile apps, drones, sensors, and data analytics could transform Nigeria’s farming landscape by enabling precision agriculture and providing real-time insights on soil conditions, pest control, crop health, and intruder detection.
He maintained that the deployment of such technologies would not only enhance farming efficiency and sustainability but also lead to higher yields, lower production costs, and ultimately, more affordable food for Nigerians.
The minister also made a broader case for inclusive innovation across the country, cautioning that Nigeria’s technological future cannot be shaped by a few urban centres alone.
He said the federal government would support emerging tech ecosystems, especially in states like Ogun, to ensure grassroots participation in the digital economy.
Tijani declared, “We can’t leave innovation in the hands of just a few cities. Every part of Nigeria, including towns and rural areas, must be part of the digital journey. The more people we carry along, the stronger we become as a country.”
Tijani, however, revealed that the federal government would back Ogun Tech Hub’s initiative aimed at creating 300 jobs through business process outsourcing as part of a broader vision to transform Nigerian states into ‘talent cities’.
He said, “If we don’t invest in our own people, we’ll keep depending on others for solutions. We must create space for local ideas to grow and become real businesses.”
The minister further called for the integration of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, robotics, and drones into key sectors, particularly agriculture, while advocating for the adoption of generative AI in education to support personalised, accessible learning across communities.
In his remarks, the President of the Ogun Tech Community, Adekunle Durosinmi, called on the federal government to provide strategic support to accelerate the growth of the state’s digital ecosystem.
He urged the minister to facilitate the establishment of a functional innovation hub and a permanent secretariat to nurture local startups.
Durosinmi highlighted the critical role Ogun State plays in Nigeria’s economic framework, describing it as a major industrial hub and strategic transport corridor linking Lagos with the rest of the country and West Africa.
He said that with 57 per cent of its 7.1 million projected population in the working-age category, Ogun State possesses immense potential for digital innovation, job creation, and youth development.
“Ogun State is uniquely positioned to become a national leader in technology and entrepreneurship. We have more than 29 tertiary institutions—more than any other state in the country—which makes us a natural home for innovation,” he said.
Since its launch in February 2022 and formal registration with the Corporate Affairs Commission, Durosimi stated that the Ogun Tech Community has organised various initiatives aimed at strengthening digital literacy, cybersecurity awareness, and grassroots tech engagement.
He noted that the community has created 19 active clusters, ranging from developers and mentors to women in tech and agritech specialists, all working together to drive inclusive growth in the tech space.
He reiterated the community’s alignment with the National Digital Economy and E-Governance Bill 2024, stressing that its programmes, governance structure, and advocacy are geared toward promoting digital literacy, supporting startups and SMEs, encouraging e-government services, and fostering responsible digital innovation.
He also stressed that collaboration between government, industry, academia, and the tech ecosystem is key to achieving national development goals.
He expressed appreciation for Tijani’s presence at the roundtable, describing it as a clear indication of the federal government’s commitment to inclusive innovation.
“We want to see such solutions replicated across the country. To accelerate this, we need your support. Ogun urgently needs a fully functioning physical secretariat and, importantly, a dedicated innovation hub to nurture and grow even more startups,” he said.
E-Business
NOTAP, REVASS Ink Agreement to Strengthen Tech Compliance

National Office for Technology Acquisition and Promotion (NOTAP) has signed an agreement with Revass System limited to strengthen technology acquisition compliance through its regulatory framework and boost sustainable capacity in the country.
Speaking during the signing of the agreement in Abuja, Dr. Obiageli Amadiobi, director general and chief executive officer, NOTAP, said that the agreement is to reinforce NOTAP’s core mission of ensuring that technology imported into the Country serves the broader interest particularly in advancing local content development, nurturing indigenous capabilities and ensuring sustainable job creation.
In a statement made available to journalists by Raymond Ogbu, assistant chief information officer, NOTAP, the DG said that the major purpose of the agreement was for Revass Systems limited to design, develop, deploy and manage a secure and efficient digital revenue collection system for NOTAP that will be in compliance with NOTAP Act, Central Bank of Nigeria CBN financial guidelines, NITDA policies, and other applicable Nigerian laws.
The DG said that the app should enhance transparency, accountability, and operational efficiency in revenue collection and management as well as build the capacity of NOTAP staff through structured training and technology transfer initiatives.
Dr. Amadiobi stated that the agreement reflects a strategic approach to safeguarding Nigeria’s economic and technological independence by ensuring that every technology transferred into the country delivers tangible value to Nigerians.
“This partnership represents a pivotal step in ensuring that technologies coming into Nigeria are not only in compliance with Nigerian laws but also aligned with the country’s developmental priorities”.
“The goal of the agency is to ensure that every agreement NOTAP registers, contributes meaningfully to critical skills development, job creation and growth of local enterprises” she said.
The Director General reaffirmed that the milestone is in consonance with the strategic vision of the supervising ministry, the Federal Ministry of Innovation, Science and Technology (FMIST) as well as the Renewed Hope Agenda of President Tinubu to transform the country into a knowledge-based economy driven by local capabilities, productive collaborations, and build globally competitive talents.
“No meaningful developments could happen in critical areas of our economy without the deployment of technology hence the office is making every effort to deploy technology in all its operations to ensure efficient and timely service delivery” she added.
E-Business
NEPC, NBS Sign MoU on Data Capturing

Nigerian Export Promotion Council (NEPC) and Nigerian Bureau of Statistics (NBS) have signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to facilitate data collection from Informal Cross Border Trade.
Nonye Ayeni, executive director/CEO of NEPC, at the signing ceremony held in Abuja, Nigeria’s Capital said the event marked a major turning point in Nigeria’s quest to grow its export trade through the capturing of data in the informal sector.
“Existing trade data primarily capture activities within the formal sector, offering limited visibility into informal export trade transactions, despite their significant volume and economic impact. In 2024, formal export trade records indicate that 7.291 million metric tons of non-oil products valued at US$5.456 billion, were exported from Nigeria. This figure excludes informal export trade data”, she added.
She stated that the Informal cross-border trade is not just a distant, peripheral activity but real trade that fuels livelihoods, strengthens regional supply chains, and contributes significantly to our national and continental economic resilience.
According to her, “Informal export trade representing millions of dollars in goods and services has remained largely outside our official records. Informal export trade data collected by NEPC State offices from major corridors in Kano, Jigawa, Kebbi, Zamfara, Katsina, Sokoto, Lagos, Ogun, and Adamawa reveal transactions valued at over $31.8 million in some months of 2024”.
Ayeni disclosed that reports from the National Onion Producers, Processors and Marketers Association of Nigeria (NOPPMAN), shows that over 1.6 million bags worth of the commodity were traded informally to neighbouring countries such as Ghana, Cote D Ivoire, Benin, Cameroon, Congo, and Niger Republic.
The NEPC boss pointed out that these impressive achievements were not captured in the national export trade statistics thus portending real implications for economic planning for the country.
“It weakens Nigeria’s voice in regional and global trade negotiations, it denies informal traders the recognition and support they need to thrive as well as diminishes Nigeria’s economic potential, especially the vital contributions of women, youth, and MSMEs”.
Ayeni explained that the collaboration between the Council and the NBS was borne out of the desire to correct the imbalance and capture the full spectrum of Nigeria’s export trade activity.
Adeyemi Adeniran, statistician general of the Federation, noted that the meeting of key players from national and sub-national agencies, regional institutions, international development partners, and the organized private sector, reflects the strong spirit of collaboration required to address one of the most pressing challenges in Nigeria’s trade data architecture, capturing and integrating data from informal trade and trade in services into the national framework.
Adeniran was of the view that the data gap severely impedes evidence-based policymaking, limits capacity to engage in fair trade negotiations, and undermines the accuracy of macroeconomic indicators adding that traditional trade measurement systems have long focused on formal, large-scale transactions while overlooking the vibrancy of informal trade routes.
He disclosed that informal trade in Sub-Saharan Africa contributes between 20 to 40 per cent of intra-African trade, with Nigeria accounting for a significant share due to its long and porous borders.
“These are not just gaps in data, rather, they represent gaps in our understanding of economic life and the well-being of millions of Nigerians who engage in these activities daily”, he said
Adeniran said the collaboration with NEPC, presents a timely opportunity to update and harness current trends, identify new opportunities, and design data-informed strategies to support trade formalization, enhance competitiveness, and ultimately foster inclusive economic growth.
“Capturing informal trade data will also help us design smarter border policies, enhance food security, facilitate small and medium enterprise development, and monitor regional integration efforts,” he added.
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